Solar knowledge hub
Follow photons, semiconductor junctions, DC strings, inverter MPPT and the grid/load path.
Photons transfer energy to charge carriers in a semiconductor junction. The built-in electric field separates those carriers, producing direct-current voltage at the cell terminals. Cells are connected into a module; modules form strings and arrays. Irradiance mainly affects current, while cell temperature influences voltage and efficiency.
Series-connected modules raise string voltage; parallel strings raise current. The inverter's maximum-power-point tracker adjusts operating voltage to harvest available power. String open-circuit voltage must remain below equipment limits in the coldest expected condition, and current must remain within input ratings.
The inverter converts DC to synchronised AC. On-grid systems feed site loads and eligible surplus through the meter. Off-grid/hybrid systems may charge batteries and form a local AC supply for protected loads. Isolators, SPDs, overcurrent protection, earthing and anti-islanding manage hazards.
Nameplate wattage is measured under standard conditions. Real energy is reduced by temperature, soiling, shade, mismatch, cabling, inverter conversion, clipping and availability. Good design models these losses, avoids row and object shade, and verifies generation against a documented baseline.
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